{"id":3049,"date":"2025-09-21T05:57:15","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T03:57:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/davidka.net\/en\/?p=3049"},"modified":"2025-09-22T04:21:12","modified_gmt":"2025-09-22T02:21:12","slug":"python-classes-context-managers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/python-classes-oop-context-managers\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 Python, \u041e\u041e\u041f \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"rtoc-mokuji-wrapper\" class=\"rtoc-mokuji-content frame2 preset1 animation-fade rtoc_open default\" data-id=\"3049\" data-theme=\"Neve - Davidka\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rtoc-mokuji-title\" class=\"rtoc_btn_none rtoc_left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<span>In Questo Articolo<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><ol class=\"rtoc-mokuji decimal_ol level-1\"><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-1\">1. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 Python<\/a><ul class=\"rtoc-mokuji mokuji_ul level-2\"><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-2\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-3\">\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-4\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-5\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-6\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-7\">\u0418\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-8\">\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-9\">ASCII-\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-10\">2. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 Python<\/a><ul class=\"rtoc-mokuji mokuji_ul level-2\"><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-11\">\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">@contextmanager<\/code><\/a><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-12\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 stdout\/stderr \u0438 Tee<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"rtoc-item\"><a href=\"#rtoc-13\">3. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: <code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">oop_and_context.py<\/code><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><h2 id=\"rtoc-1\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 Python<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u2014 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c <strong>\u041e\u041e\u041f<\/strong>. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d<\/strong> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 <strong>\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> (\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435) \u0438 <strong>\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> (\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438). \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>\u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong>. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434, \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-2\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">class ClassName:\n    def __init__(self, param1, param2):\n        self.param1 = param1\n        self.param2 = param2\n\n    def method(self):\n        return f&#039;{self.param1} \u0438 {self.param2}&#039;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">__init__<\/code>: \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">self<\/code>: \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b: \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">self<\/code>, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-3\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">class Car:\n    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n        self.make = make\n        self.model = model\n        self.year = year\n\n    def description(self):\n        return f&#039;{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}&#039;\n\nmy_car = Car(&#039;Toyota&#039;, &#039;Corolla&#039;, 2020)\nprint(my_car.description())  # \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: 2020 Toyota Corolla\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-4\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430<\/strong> \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 (<code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">self<\/code>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/strong> \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c (<code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">cls<\/code>) \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">@classmethod<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/strong> \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 (<code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">@staticmethod<\/code>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-5\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return &#039;\u0417\u0432\u0443\u043a \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e&#039;\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def speak(self):\n        return &#039;\u0413\u0430\u0432&#039;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-6\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">class Cat(Animal):\n    def speak(self):\n        return &#039;\u041c\u044f\u0443&#039;\n\ncat = Cat()\nprint(cat.speak())  # \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: \u041c\u044f\u0443\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-7\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0418\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">class Car:\n    def __init__(self, make, model):\n        self._make = make  # \u0417\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\n        self._model = model\n\n    def get_make(self):\n        return self._make\n\n    def set_make(self, make):\n        self._make = make\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-8\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">class Point:\n    def __init__(self, x, y):\n        self.x = x\n        self.y = y\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f&#039;Point({self.x}, {self.y})&#039;\n\np = Point(3, 4)\nprint(p)  # \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: Point(3, 4)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-9\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASCII-\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">       \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n       \u2502 Animal  \u2502\n       \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n       \u2502 speak() \u2502\n       \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n            \u25b2\n    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n    \u2502                \u2502\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510      \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n\u2502  Dog    \u2502      \u2502  Cat    \u2502\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518      \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n\u2502 speak() \u2502      \u2502 speak() \u2502\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518      \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"rtoc-10\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 Python<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 <strong>\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b<\/strong>, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-11\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">@contextmanager<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">from contextlib import contextmanager\n\n@contextmanager\ndef my_context():\n    print(&quot;\u0412\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442&quot;)\n    try:\n        yield &quot;\u0420\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441&quot;\n    finally:\n        print(&quot;\u0412\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430&quot;)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">with my_context() as res:\n    print(&quot;\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430:&quot;, res)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"rtoc-12\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 stdout\/stderr \u0438 Tee<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c stdout, stderr \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 <strong>\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d Tee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"rtoc-13\"  class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: <code class=\"\" data-line=\"\">oop_and_context.py<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code line-numbers\"><code class=\" language-python\" data-line=\"\">&quot;&quot;&quot;\noop_and_context.py\n\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u041e\u041f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 Python.\n\u0412\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442:\n- \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f\n- \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\n- \u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\n- \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441 @contextmanager\n- \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 stdout, stderr, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\n- \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d Tee \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\n- \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\n&quot;&quot;&quot;\n\nimport sys\nimport io\nfrom contextlib import contextmanager\n\n# ==========================\n# \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041f\n# ==========================\n\nclass Animal:\n    &quot;&quot;&quot;\u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445.&quot;&quot;&quot;\n    def speak(self):\n        return &#039;\u0417\u0432\u0443\u043a \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e&#039;\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def speak(self):\n        return &#039;\u0413\u0430\u0432&#039;\n\nclass Cat(Animal):\n    def speak(self):\n        return &#039;\u041c\u044f\u0443&#039;\n\nclass Car:\n    &quot;&quot;&quot;\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439.&quot;&quot;&quot;\n    def __init__(self, make, model, year=None):\n        self._make = make\n        self._model = model\n        self.year = year\n\n    def get_make(self):\n        return self._make\n\n    def set_make(self, make):\n        self._make = make\n\n    def description(self):\n        if self.year:\n            return f&#039;{self.year} {self._make} {self._model}&#039;\n        return f&#039;{self._make} {self._model}&#039;\n\nclass Point:\n    &quot;&quot;&quot;\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438.&quot;&quot;&quot;\n    def __init__(self, x, y):\n        self.x = x\n        self.y = y\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f&#039;Point({self.x}, {self.y})&#039;\n\n# ==========================\n# \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b\n# ==========================\n\n@contextmanager\ndef my_context():\n    print(&quot;\u0412\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442&quot;)\n    try:\n        yield &quot;\u0420\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441&quot;\n    finally:\n        print(&quot;\u0412\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430&quot;)\n\n@contextmanager\ndef capture_stdout():\n    old_stdout = sys.stdout\n    sys.stdout = buffer = io.StringIO()\n    try:\n        yield buffer\n    finally:\n        sys.stdout = old_stdout\n\n@contextmanager\ndef capture_stderr():\n    old_stderr = sys.stderr\n    sys.stderr = buffer = io.StringIO()\n    try:\n        yield buffer\n    finally:\n        sys.stderr = old_stderr\n\n@contextmanager\ndef capture_output():\n    old_stdout = sys.stdout\n    old_stderr = sys.stderr\n    sys.stdout = sys.stderr = buffer = io.StringIO()\n    try:\n        yield buffer\n    finally:\n        sys.stdout = old_stdout\n        sys.stderr = old_stderr\n\nclass Tee(io.StringIO):\n    &quot;&quot;&quot;\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442.&quot;&quot;&quot;\n    def __init__(self, original):\n        super().__init__()\n        self.original = original\n\n    def write(self, text):\n        self.original.write(text)\n        super().write(text)\n\n    def flush(self):\n        self.original.flush()\n\n@contextmanager\ndef capture_stdout_tee():\n    old_stdout = sys.stdout\n    sys.stdout = tee = Tee(old_stdout)\n    try:\n        yield tee\n    finally:\n        sys.stdout = old_stdout\n\n# ==========================\n# \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3: \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\n# ==========================\n\nclass OutputCapture:\n    &quot;&quot;&quot;\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 stdout.&quot;&quot;&quot;\n    def __init__(self):\n        self._buffer = io.StringIO()\n        self._old_stdout = None\n\n    def __enter__(self):\n        self._old_stdout = sys.stdout\n        sys.stdout = self._buffer\n        return self._buffer\n\n    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):\n        sys.stdout = self._old_stdout\n        return False  # \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\n\n# ==========================\n# \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 4: \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\n# ==========================\n\ndef demo_classes():\n    print(&quot;\\n--- \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 ---&quot;)\n    dog = Dog()\n    cat = Cat()\n    print(&quot;\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:&quot;, dog.speak())\n    print(&quot;\u041a\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:&quot;, cat.speak())\n\n    my_car = Car(&#039;Toyota&#039;, &#039;Corolla&#039;, 2020)\n    print(&quot;\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b:&quot;, my_car.description())\n    my_car.set_make(&#039;Honda&#039;)\n    print(&quot;\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430:&quot;, my_car.get_make())\n\n    point = Point(3, 4)\n    print(&quot;\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430:&quot;, point)\n\ndef demo_context_managers():\n    print(&quot;\\n--- \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 ---&quot;)\n    with my_context() as res:\n        print(&quot;\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430:&quot;, res)\n\n    with capture_stdout() as out:\n        print(&quot;\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 stdout&quot;)\n    print(&quot;\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435:&quot;, out.getvalue().strip())\n\n    with capture_stderr() as err:\n        print(&quot;\u042d\u0442\u043e stdout&quot;)\n        sys.stderr.write(&quot;\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435\\n&quot;)\n    print(&quot;\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438:&quot;, err.getvalue().strip())\n\n    with capture_output() as out_all:\n        print(&quot;Stdout \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435&quot;)\n        sys.stderr.write(&quot;Stderr \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\\n&quot;)\n    print(&quot;\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:&quot;, out_all.getvalue().strip())\n\n    with capture_stdout_tee() as tee_out:\n        print(&quot;\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 Tee&quot;)\n    print(&quot;\u0411\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440 Tee:&quot;, tee_out.getvalue().strip())\n\n    with OutputCapture() as class_capture:\n        print(&quot;\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440&quot;)\n    print(&quot;\u0411\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0430:&quot;, class_capture.getvalue().strip())\n\n# ==========================\n# \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\n# ==========================\n\nif __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:\n    demo_classes()\n    demo_context_managers()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Questo Articolo 1. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 Python \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0418\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 ASCII-\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c 2. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 Python \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 @contextmanager \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 stdout\/stderr \u0438 Tee 3. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: oop_and_context.py 1. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 Python \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u2014 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u041e\u041e\u041f. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[610,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-python-basics","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3049","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3049"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3049\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3049"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3049"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ru.davidka.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3049"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}